Pg.636 #2&4 ,Pg.642#4

Pg.636

2.)

-Carbonari: a secret societies formed by nationalist.

-Giuseppe Mazzini:one of the most famous carbonari; called for all Italian patriots to join his young Italy movement. Spread ideas of Risorgimento.

-Young Italy movement: dedicated to spreading the ideas of the Risorgimento.

-King Victor Emmanuel II: from Sardinia; was not especially sympathetic to the liberals, but he did want to expand Sardinian territory.

-Camillo Benso di Cavour: a republican and an Italian patriot and king victor Emmanuel II’s chief minister.

-Napoleon III: French emperor; wanted to increase French influence.

-Giuseppe garibaldi: led the way for the Italian nationalists and he was devoted to Italian freedom.

4.) a. The two movements that led to new nationalist movements for unification of Italy were the French revolution and the Young Italy movement in which the people of the country wanted to gain freedom from leaders from other countries that ruled over them.

b. The important leaders in the fight for Italian unification were , Giuseppe Garibaldi, Camillo Benso di Cavour, Napoleon III, and ,Giuseppe Mazzini. They all contributed.

c. The kingdom of Sardinia took the lead in Italian unification because most of the Italian revolutionaries ended up there and they took charge to be the main people to liberate themselves from the Austrians and get what they wanted.

Pg. 642

4. a. Prussia replaced Austria as the leading German state in Europe by defeating Napoleon, using their strong formed army and new tactics. This led them to take lead and became very defensive.

b. German unification differed from Italian unification because German unification made a constitution that was disapproved of by the Austrians and Prussians so they declared war on the Germans. Then Bismarck persuaded the independent states in southern Germany to join the northern Germany confederation. After a while the Germans surrendered and the Austrians and Prussians received the land they wanted. After a while the Germans took the advantages of technology and used them to become allies with the Austrians. The Italian unification happened when the people of Italy joined together and fought against the Austrians to gain independence of their own.

c. After unification, the makeup of the German government was that they assigned an emperor as head government called a Kaiser also they had a upper house or federal council made up of 58 appointed members and a lower house which consisted of about 400 members, but they had limited power.