After the murder of Franz Ferdinand it was, when it all began. Germany was an ally of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. They Austrian-Hungarians felt their empire was diminishing. “It took the Austro-Hungarian government four weeks to send an ultimatum to Belgrade, demanding far-reaching powers to investigate the murder and the implication of the Serb government.

The Serb government accepted most clauses but rejected some, knowing well that this would mean war with Austria. Russia had encouraged Serbia not to give in completely. Austria-Hungary was unwilling to consider a compromise and declared war on Serbia on 28 July.”(Raffael Scheck, Article: German Responsibility for the Outbreak of the War). The Germans supported the Austro-Hungarians, they didn’t care if it meant another powers like the Russians would unite and attack. Even when the Austro-Hungarians had suffered some previous attacks from the Serbs, even when they were not at war. The “German government gave Vienna green light for a punitive action against Serbia and even encouraged it.”(Raffael Scheck, Article: German Responsibility for the Outbreak of the War). If they wouldn’t have encouraged it. Maybe the result would have a been a miniscule fight between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. Since that didn’t happen, other stronger powers united and this kind of problems led up to the war. In my mind that’s one part of reasons why they had to pay the steep reparations of the war.

Another factor that might have influenced, to the idea that the Germans we’re the main cause of the start of WW1. Its what they did and the weapons they used to cause so many casualties between them and their enemies. To begin, the “Germans submarines tried to cut off Britain from its supplies“.(Raffael Scheck, Article: German Responsibility for the Outbreak of the War). As soon as the Germans gave green light to the Austro-Hungarians, they knew the only way to win, was to take a step ahead, they needed to protect their fronts. Also since the Germans knew that France and Russia would invade they decided to invade first, the Germans we’re under extreme pressure, its said “The German government, under increasing pressure from the generals, sent an ultimatum to St. Petersburg, demanding that mobilization be stopped. The Russian government did not bother to reply. This prompted the German declaration of war to Russia on 1 August. One day later the Germans, who knew that the French would not stand by in a German-Russian war, also declared war on France.”.”(Raffael Scheck, Article: German Responsibility for the Outbreak of the War). As the Germans started the war they saw that the only way to win was to surround the French, the only way they had to do this was to go through Belgium. At this time Belgium was neutral, the Germans didn’t respect this, they didn’t only not respect it they used chemical gases and broke the “Hague Convention of 1899“. In this convention it was established that chemical gases wouldn’t be used delegates from all around attended and in a second convection it was prohibited to used poison or anything related “The Hague II Convention reaffirmed the provisions on chemical weapons usage and widened the restraints by prohibiting the use of poison or poisoned weapons. Hague II included a clause for the avoidance of projectiles, weapons, and materials that could cause unnecessary suffering.” (by: Brian Blodgett, Article: Germany’s use of Chemical Warfare in World War 1). The Germans we’re not only evil minded but they we’re also smart they “The German attack through Belgium and into France in August 1914 quickly stalled into a static trench war. Germany, looking to break the deadlock, decided that a possible solution was the use of poison gas.”(by: Brian Blodgett, Article: Germany’s use of Chemical Warfare in World War 1). Even when the Germans weren’t the first to use them, they now felt free to use toxic weapons. ”When Germany launched its chlorine attack at Ypres on 22 April 1915, it caught the world by surprise. It aroused world public opinion, which blamed Germany for breaching The Hague Conventions. Germany justified its actions.”(by: Brian Blodgett, Article: Germany’s use of Chemical Warfare in World War 1). They justified their actions by saying that they hadn’t been the first, this didn’t give them any reason to use the gases, however they wanted and with bad intentions for the rest of the war they used the chemical gases to hurt and kill other people. ”Throughout the rest of the war, Germany used chemical warfare agents in many of its’ military operations. Chemical warfare agents are chemical substances designed to kill, seriously injure, or incapacitate humans and animals. Chemical agents can also deny or hinder the use of areas, facilities, and materials.”(by: Brian Blodgett, Article: Germany’s use of Chemical Warfare in World War 1).That’s another reason, why the Germans are to blame for the greatest extend for the start of WW1.

The last and final reason I have why the Germans are to blame for the start of WW1. it’s the way they invaded Belgium. Belgium remained neutral until August 4.”The German government therefore tried to receive permission from Belgium to march through its territory, which the Belgians rejected. The Germans then sent an ultimatum to Belgium and invaded the country after Belgium rejected it.”(Raffael Scheck, Article: German Responsibility for the Outbreak of the War). After this happened the following war declarations happen it “War declarations followed between Russia, France, and Britain on the one side and Austria-Hungary on the other.”

(Raffael Scheck, Article: German Responsibility for the Outbreak of the War). That wasn’t the worse, they didn’t only invade them without their permission, not respecting they we’re neutral. They used chemical gases against them “The German attack through Belgium and into France in August 1914 quickly stalled into a static trench war. Germany, looking to break the deadlock, decided that a possible solution was the use of poison gas.”(by: Brian Blodgett, Article: Germany’s use of Chemical Warfare in World War 1). They used this not only against them, but also through out the war against all the other armies. They knew the invasion through Belgium would led to death and disaster. They also knew that when they gave the green light to the Austro-Hungarians something big would begin. They didnt care they still went ahead with their ideas.

To conclude, the victors declared Germany to be the primary aggressor because they we’re. They were the ones the ones that gave the green light to the Austro-Hungarians, they were the ones to use chemical gases passing the limit and they we’re the ones that didn’t respect Belgium side to stay neutral and invaded them. Probably, the Germans are not the only people to blame in the war, because like them, their were many other countries that didn’t commit to their ideas or that used terrorist ideas against their enemies, but the ones to use it the most were the Germans. Therefore, they are the ones to blame to the greatest extend for the start of WW1. Maybe, if they had made better decisions or just not exaggerated their resources so much, they might have actually won or not get blame as much for the start of the war.

   b)Under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek the army grew stronger but the political forces split. This hapenned because the socialist and Communist wanted more power than the peasants and workers.

   c) What led to a rise of Communism in China was that Kuomintang was weak and in need for support , so the Nationalist welcomed the Communist. Like this this Communist party grew stronger.

4. As a Nationalist, I think our nation has to unite. If we dont unite we have no “national spirit, we are the poorest and weakest state of the world”(Sun Yixian). If we dont stand together for what we believe in they ill take us down. If we are not together we face tragedy- the loss of our country and the destruction of our race. All this its true, we got to get together instead of everybody having their own clan. If we join we’ll make a much better group, all fighting for the same thing. Our race and our country.We have to use any method necessary to achieve what we want. We got to keep the Communist out, they are the people that if they grow stronger they will damage our state.

b.)I think the attitude that the rulers have had towards the foreighners wouldnt had been good ones.They probably thought they were inviders and they didnt want them in their city.

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Opium War-lasted from 1839 to 1842.Conflict between China and Britain. This war .It broke after the British government didnt respond to China’s demand.

Treaty of Nanjing-Under this treaty China gave the island of Hong Kong to the British. It also opened five ports to the British trade.

Taiping Rebellion-lasted from 1850 to 1864.Caused terrible destruction in southern China and  the Yangtze valley.

1.)Meiji Restoration- Change when a group of samurai overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate and restored the emperor to power.

Diet: Japan’s two-house national legislature.

Sino-Japanese War- War between China and Japan over Korea in 1894, resulting in a Japanese victory.

Treaty of Shimonoseki-1895 treaty forced China to recognize independence of Korea and make concessions to Japan.

Mongkut- A king who ascended to power in 1851 and was particularly good at such diplomacy. He studied Western ideas to understand his enemies and help modernize his country

Liliuokalani-Hawaii’s Queen who didn’t want foreigners to control Hawaii. She tried to change the treaty that allowed them to stay.

Emilio Aguinaldo- Led the Filipinos in a fight for independence.

3.) Finding the Main Idea:

a. The British system of education did have a powerful impact. The classes were mostly taught in English. The students mostly learned about Western ideas that were based on democracy and socialism.

b. The government bought new factory machinery from the Japanese and passed laws to encourage private citizens to start businesses. In order for them to learn more and bring ideas, they were sent to western schools and learn from them.

c. In Hawaii the united States didn’t have to go to war to conquer the Hawaiians. They went and started huge sugarcane and pineapple plantations. A few years later they over threw the queen and the United States took over. In Philippines it was different. Spain and the United States went to war in the Philippines. Some of the Philippines didn’t want to be ruled by foreigners so they used the guerrilla warfare against the United States and went to war for 3 hard years but the United states defeated the Philippines.

1. Capitalism: an economic system in which individuals or corporations, control the factors of production instead of the government

commercial capitalism: before the industrial revolution when most capitalists were merchants who bought and sold goods

industrial capitalism: during the industrial revolution when capitalists became more involved in producing and manufacturing goods

interchangeable parts: identical parts that resulted in speedy production of inexpensive muskets that could be easily repaired

mass production: the system of producing large numbers of identical items at a time.

Corporations: business formed groups allowed people to buy stock in their companies

Monopoly: when a corporation gained almost complete control of the production or sale of a single good or service.

Cartels: when several giant corporations combined to control every stage of entire industries

business cycle: the industrial revolution brought alternating periods of prosperity and decline

Depression: when factories closed and laid of workers who, with less money to buy goods, further reduced demand

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1. free enterprise: Adam Smith’s systems that argued that mercantilist laws and regulations hindered natural economic forces

laissez-faire: means to (let it be) or (leave it alone); Smith said for the government not to get involved

Humanitarians: people who work to improve the conditions of others

Utilitarianism: put forth by philosopher Jeremy Bentham; argued that a law was useful and therefore good it led to the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people

Strike: when a large group of workers stop working

Unions: associations formed by the workers to have more organized protests

collective bargaining: process of negotiation that had agreements that were written into contracts lasting for a fixed period of time

2. Adam Smith: Scottish economist that accepted some of the ideas of the physiocrats; states in his book, The Wealth of Nations, his views on why England started the industrial revolution

Thomas Malthus: an Anglican clergyman who became a professor of economics; he wrote that the population increases present the greatest obstacle to human progress

David Ricardo: wrote that working-class poverty is inevitable

Charles Dickens: used his novels to attack greedy employers.

Jeremy Bentham: believed that people should be educated so that they could decide what things were good for them or would make them happy

John Stuart Mill: also believed that a government should work for the good of all its citizens

enclosure movement: common lands in England began to be enclosed, into individual plots smaller landholdings were being combined into larger holdings.

crop rotation: helped farmers to produce more crops using the same amount of land; planted different crops in the fields each year and sometimes gave rest to the land so ,it would be better for the year after.

Industrial Revolution: an era of rapid industrial development; followed the agricultural revolution

factors of production: a mixture of -land, capital, and labor.

Mechanization: automatic machinery was used to increase production

factory system: spinning mill was the first of many in the beginning of this modern era

vulcanization-this process is the basis of the modern rubber industry

2. Identify:

Jethro Tull-concerned about the amount of seed wasted by hand-scattering it over the fields; invented a seed drill that made it possible to plant seeds in straight rows.

Richard Arkwright-invented a way to drive the machine (spinning “jenny”) by waterpower; brought workers and waterpower together and opened a spinning mill during the 1780s

Eli Whitney-invented the cotton gin, a machine that could clean much more cotton in a day than hand workers.

James Watt-studied and improved the steam engine.

Henry Bessemer-developed what came to be known as the Bessemer process-a cheaper and more efficient method of making steel.

Robert Fulton-the first to build a profitable steamboat.

Samuel Morse-sent an electrical current through a wire, causing a machine at the other end to click.

2.)

-Carbonari: a secret societies formed by nationalist.

-Giuseppe Mazzini:one of the most famous carbonari; called for all Italian patriots to join his young Italy movement. Spread ideas of Risorgimento.

-Young Italy movement: dedicated to spreading the ideas of the Risorgimento.

-King Victor Emmanuel II: from Sardinia; was not especially sympathetic to the liberals, but he did want to expand Sardinian territory.

-Camillo Benso di Cavour: a republican and an Italian patriot and king victor Emmanuel II’s chief minister.

-Napoleon III: French emperor; wanted to increase French influence.

-Giuseppe garibaldi: led the way for the Italian nationalists and he was devoted to Italian freedom.

4.) a. The two movements that led to new nationalist movements for unification of Italy were the French revolution and the Young Italy movement in which the people of the country wanted to gain freedom from leaders from other countries that ruled over them.

b. The important leaders in the fight for Italian unification were , Giuseppe Garibaldi, Camillo Benso di Cavour, Napoleon III, and ,Giuseppe Mazzini. They all contributed.

c. The kingdom of Sardinia took the lead in Italian unification because most of the Italian revolutionaries ended up there and they took charge to be the main people to liberate themselves from the Austrians and get what they wanted.

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4. a. Prussia replaced Austria as the leading German state in Europe by defeating Napoleon, using their strong formed army and new tactics. This led them to take lead and became very defensive.

b. German unification differed from Italian unification because German unification made a constitution that was disapproved of by the Austrians and Prussians so they declared war on the Germans. Then Bismarck persuaded the independent states in southern Germany to join the northern Germany confederation. After a while the Germans surrendered and the Austrians and Prussians received the land they wanted. After a while the Germans took the advantages of technology and used them to become allies with the Austrians. The Italian unification happened when the people of Italy joined together and fought against the Austrians to gain independence of their own.

c. After unification, the makeup of the German government was that they assigned an emperor as head government called a Kaiser also they had a upper house or federal council made up of 58 appointed members and a lower house which consisted of about 400 members, but they had limited power.