Pg.528 #1&2

1.Plebiscite:procedure were people could vote yes or no and could not suggest any changes. This was Napoleon’s new government.

Nationalism: refers to love of one’s country rather than one’s native region. Without intending the French increased this in by the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

Scorched-Earth policy: Russian practice of burning or destroying crops and everything else the Grand Army might need.

2. Napoleonic Code: Under Napoleon’s direction scholars organized all French law into this system. Napoleon also established this in banks and education.

Concordat: recognized that most French citizens were Catholic but still allowed religious freedom. Napoleon ended the conflict of French government and Roman Catholic Church with this agreement.

Horatio Nelson: Vice Admiral, defeated a combined French and Spanish fleet off the Coast of Spain. He was killed in battle but he saved Britain from invasion.

Duke of Wellington: Led the British army to help the Spanish and Portuguese people rise up against the French.

Paragraph on La Marseillaise Song.

The song refers to to the people wanting freedom. They are ready to fight fro what they believe in. They know a bloody time of war is to came because they stood for what they believed in. Now they are ready to defend their lifes,kids, wife and their country’s history. They also say how they will always had proud soldiers and how if some of their heroes fall, new ones will rise. Also the song says that they are ready to fight against the traitors that dont believe in their mother. How they will show them pay back.This song also says that they will follow their elders footsteps.they will finish what they started, to make them proud. This song probably became the anthem because it shows their power to fight for what they believe in. Also it shows that they defend their history and would do anything to defend it.

Pg.489 #1,2&4

1.)habeas corpus: the writ on what the judge decided. The act protected individuals against unfair arrest and  imprisonment.  

cabinet:what the heads of government departments choosen by William the 3 were called.It made government run more smoothly.

prime minister:what Walpole’s was considered.His strong hand was what helped stabilize the British Political scene.

limited constitutional monarchy:what the nation in that time in history was called when the prime minister was the real head of government instead of the treasury.

2.)Restoration:this was a time when the English monarchy was restored. This name didnt only mean the ruturn of monarchy, also the rebirth of English culture.

Tories:one of the two parties that were equal in strenght .Was first used as an insult.Tory meant outlaw.

Whigs:Other party of equal strenght .It meant horse thief.Later used for a group that was rebellious.

James the 2:When his brother Charles the 2 died, he came to the throne.He was humorless and less flexible than his brother.He had beliefs of absolute royal rule,which antagonized the Whigs and Tories,

William the 3:First owned as William the Orange, defeated powerful French. He got crowned as king of England in join powers with Mary the 2.

Mary the 2:Joint ruler with William the 3.

Glorious Revolution:a bloodless transfer of power in the English monarchy.Done by the enemies of James the 2 ,William the 3 and Mary the 2.

Thomas Hobbes:English philosopher, lived through the civil war, was disturbed by the chaos it caused.Wrote a book called Leviathan that outlined his political philosophy.

John Locke:English philosopher, that disagreed with Hobbes.He agreed to the idea of the social contract but thought people had to keep their right to enjoy liberty, to live and own peoperty.

English Bill of Rights:formalized by William and Mary as the Declaration of Rights.The rulers couldnt oppose this.

Toleration Act:passed in 1689.Granted some religious freedom to groups that werent part of the Anglican church.

4.)a. Whigs preferred a Catholic and the Tories rather have a Roman Catholic king.

b.During the reigns of Charles II and James II religion played a role of being used to lift some of the legal restrictions that Parliament had imposed against it and that it was used to help gain power. They were also both Catholics and tried to keep the religion strong during both reigns.

c. The social contract stated that they both believed in monarchy. They disagreed in that Locke thought people also needed to keep some of their individual rights and Hobbes thought the ruler should hav absolute power.

d.It wasnt really a representative legislature because it was made up of the higher class people and had other people upset.

Locke’s and Hobbes idea of monarchy.

Locke view of the monarchy is that tyranny is a bad power that no one should have because they would use it for their own personal gain. Locke thinks that a monarchy has too much power over the people. He says that the tyrant thinks that the people only need himself to be happy and the righteous king wants his people to have wealth and property. A king in a settled kingdom will eventually become a tyrant. He feels as though they can do whatever they want to do and he has no say over it. Once the law ends and tyranny begins ,he feels as though they can do whatever they want to do and no one has no say over it. When there is a monarchy he feels no sense of privacy in his own home. He thinks that we should be against force and violence and people should have control over what happens to them, not a ruler saying what they should do.

Hobbes view of the monarchy is that he thinks all men are equal and that although some men may be stronger there are still differences between them. The people in the monarchy won’t believe that someone is wiser than themselves. When one becomes wiser than the other, there are fights for their wise ness. He said that monarchies can’t last long by only standing on their defense. They invade for gain, safety, and reputation. Monarchies fight because of competition, difference and glory. They would be in war against one another for many things . For the first use of violence, they would use things like their wives, their children, and weapons to be the master of themselves . In a monarchy, when one person has something another person doesn’t, they become enemies and they fight for what they don’t have. In a monarchy, there is always constant fighting. A man is only happy when they have what they want, and they will fight who over takes what they want .He believes that when there is a ruler, there is peace.

Locke’s Ideas

Locke, a British philosopher, who wanted to understand where our ideas came from and how we could trust our senses. He felt that we could notice simple sensations, and that we build these up through reflection to form complex ideas. He believed that all our thoughts and ideas issue from that which we have taken in thought the senses and that before we perceive anything that the mind is an empty slate. He had an idea that divided the world into primary and secondary qualities. The first was basically about size or number are always accurately reproduced. Secondary qualities, like taste, depend from each different person. He believed that we use our senses to make connections to objects. With primary qualities we know that our senses produce them objectively, where as in secondary qualities our senses do not reproduce the real qualities that are inherent in the things themselves. Locke had a few rationalistic features to his thought, he felt that the same natural rights applied to everyone and also that the existence of God was only known through reasons. Last, he also thought that men and woman had equal rights.

Exam Review.

What?

Renaissance

Early Renaissance

Renaissance man

St. Peter’s Basilica(Rome)

Humanism

Individualism

Empirical Method

Absolute Monarch

Constitutional Monarch

Counsel of Trent

Counter- Reformation

War of the Roses

Spanish Armada

Habeas Corpus

English Bills of rights

Glorious Revolution

Mercantilism

Favorable Valance of trade

Subsides

Tariff

Imperialism

Supply

Demand

Mutually Beneficial

Atlantic Triangular Tade

Diplomatic

Middle Passage

Joint Stock Company

Where?

Venice

Genoa

Who?

Martin Luther (1483-1546 Germany)

Henry VIII

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

Michelangelo (1475-1564 Italy)

Medice Family

Andreas Vesalious (1514-1564 Belgian)

Rene Decartes (1596-1650 French)

Antoni Leewenhoek(1632-1723 Dutch)

Robert Boley(1627-1691english-Irish)

Cosmo the Elder

Pope Clement VII

Catherine queen of france

Pope Leo X

Jakob Fugger

Johannes Gutenberg

Giordano Bruno

Galileo Galelei (1564- 1642 Italy)

Nicolaus Coprenicus (1473-1543 Poland)

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630 Gremany)

Isaac Newtown (1643-1727 England)

Erasmus of Rotterdam

Fancis Bacon (1561-1626 England)

The Hapsburgs

Charles V of Hapsburgs

William Shakespeare (1564-1616 England)

Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337 Florence)

Donatello (1386-1466 Florence)

Massacio (1421-1428 Florence)

Donatello (1386-1466 Florence)

The Tudors (1485-1603)

Queen Mary

King’s Phillip II

The Stuart’s (1603-1688)

Puritians

Oliver Cromwell

Compare/Contrast Descartes and Spinoza.

Descartes was born in 1596 and died in 1650. His main concern was with what we can know. He was convinced that there was a distinct difference between spirit and matter but how they affected one another, he was not sure. He also thought that we cannot accept anything to be true unless there is clear evidence. If there is no evidence, then he has the right to doubt everything. Along with this, he wanted to know the relationship between body and mind. Being the mathematician he was and the father of analytical geometry, he used math to try to explain everything. He though everything could be explained using math. Once coming to the conclusion that a perfect entity cannot have originated from one who himself was imperfect, he looked into the idea that a perfect entity must exist, and this was God, because we all are imperfect so that idea of perfection couldn’t came from us. Born in 1632, Spinoza had other ideas. Unlike Descartes Spinoza only believed in the idea of one substance. Spinoza thought this substance to be God or nature. Spinoza identifies God with nature and doing this he distances himself from Descartes and the Jewish and Christian religion. Spinoza focuses more on the natural world and the relationship between nature and God while Descartes focuses on the mind, body, and matter. Spinoza believed that Christianity and Judaism were kept alive by firm belief and constant practice. He says that God is the world and that “In him we live and move and have our being.” Spinoza died in 1677.

Vocabulary from Sophie’s World

Baroque: A time in the seventeenth century. Were the art was much richer in highly contrastive forms than the plainer and more harmonious Renaissance art.

 Idealism- Some philosophers believed that what exists is at bottom spiritual in nature.

Materialism- A theory in philosophy which says that all real things derive from concrete material substances.

Mechanistic World View-The view that every natural change is calculated with mathematical precision.

Determinism- Every event caused by the laws of nature its predetermined.

Pg.371 #1 and Pg 377 #1

Pg. 368-371. # 1 pg.371

Counter-Reformation- The Catholic Church major reform to try to return the church emphasis on spiritual matters. Also a campaign to stop the spread of Protestantism.

Council of Trent- Met during three different periods between 1545 and 1563. It defined the official church position on matters of doctrine.

Jesuits-Society of Jesus. Part of the new religious orders formed.

Ignatius de Loyola- Founded the Jesuits in 1534.

Pg.372-377 #1 pg.377

Broadsides-single printed sheets. After the movable type these began to appear. Might have included a royal degree or news of some sensational crime or other event.

Almanacs- published predictions about the weather and the prospects for growing crops. Also contained calendars, maps and medical advise. Were the most common books and best sellers because they spoke to the beliefs and concerns of ordinary people.

Standard of living- the measure of quality of life. Is affected by many factors, including environment, health, home life, income, and working conditions.

The RENAISSANCE.

 Individualism :Humanism to a greater extend. We are not only human beings, we are unique individuals.

Humanism: Changed from that everything revolving around divine light and once again revolved around man

St. Peter’s Church: Over the grave of Peter the Apostle. It could boast neither of moderation nor restraint.

Pantheism: The idea that if God is indeed infinite, he must be present in everything.

Giordano Bruno :Believed that God was present in nature but also that the universe was infinite in scope. Punished severely for his ideas, he was burned.

Empirical Method : Said that every investigation of natural phenomena must be based on observation, experience and experiment.

Francis Bacon : English philosopher that said, “knowledge is power”

Galileo Galelei: Italian, who was one of the most important scientist of the seventeenth century. He said that the book of nature is written in the language of mathematics. Discovered Jupiter had 4 moons.

Nicolaus Copernicus : Polish Astronomer wrote On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres. Died the same day the book was published.

Johannes Kepler : German Astronomer, presented the results of comprehensive observations which showed that the planets move in elliptical, or oval, orbits with the sun at one focus. He also pointed out, the speed of a planet is greatest,when its closest to the sun.

Isaac Newton :English physicist, he was the one to provide final description of the solar system and the planetary orbits. Lived from 1642-1727.

Reformation uring the Renaissance, the Bible was translated from Hebrew, and Greek to national languages.

Martin Luther : Reformer. Not a humanist.

Erasmus of Rotterdam : Reformer who chose to remain within the Roman Catholic church.

          Leonardo Da Vinci : Humanist. Painter.